Particular features:
Latvian belongs to the Eastern Baltic sub-group of the Baltic language group in the Indo-European language family, and it is neither Germanic nor Slavic. Notwithstanding the existence of extensive ancient popular material (ballads, songs, proverbs), Latvian literature is fairly recent. Latvian morphology is simpler than that of Lithuanian: there is no neuter or dual, and there are only five declensions; there are still quite a few conjugations, but numerous tenses are represented by a single structure. The vocabulary is similar, but not identical to, Lithuanian, and the roots are often different. Until the late 19th century, German and Polish orthography was used. The modern alphabet replaced the long-standing Gothic symbols as late as 1921, with the independence of Latvia. In the 1930s there was a second, definitive orthographical reform. The modern alphabet is extremely precise. One of its main characteristics is that it possesses a rich series of palatalised consonants, marked by a comma (or cedilla) beneath the letter. Another feature is the distinction between short and long vowels, the latter marked by a macron
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